How Foundations' Field-Building Helped the Reproductive Health Movement

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Scholars have demonstrated that foundation grants channel social movements by encouraging professionalization and favoring moderate tactics, but they have overlooked critical mechanisms of foundation influence. Advancing Tim Bartley's (2007) field-building framework, I identify new mechanisms-including grants and activities other than grantmaking-through which five foundations helped channel the international Reproductive Health movement between 1990 and 2005, shaping its composition, trajectory, and outcomes. The first of its kind, this study combines an analysis of an original data set including 8, 103 grants made by five major philanthropic foundations from 1990-2005, interviews with foundation staff and leadership, and archival data, with an historical narrative of the population field and the Reproductive Health movement. I explain foundations' roles in the Reproductive Health movement's successful campaign targeting the 1994 United Nations International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD). There the movement transformed the population field's frame from Family Planning-reducing fertility through increasing access to contraceptives-to Reproductive Health-meeting women's broader reproductive health needs and advancing gender equality.