Phenomic and genomic evaluation of pulses for aluminum toxicity tolerance trait

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The genus Lens phylogenetically groups within the tribe Vicieae which contains cool season legumes belonging to the subfamily Papilionoideae, of the family Fabaceae (Schaefer et al., 2012). The most recent classification shows seven taxa grouped into the four species L. culinaris Medik. ssp. culinaris, L. culinaris ssp. orientalis, L. culinaris ssp. tomentosus, L. culinaris ssp. odemensis, L. ervoides, L. lamottei, and L. nigricans (Ferguson et al., 2000, Gupta et al., 2011). It is generally considered that L. culinaris ssp. orientalis, is the wild progenitor of the ssp. culinaris and L. nigricans is the most distant relative (Wong et al., 2015). The Middle East is the primary centre of diversity for both the domestic L. culinaris and L. culinaris ssp. orientalis (Zohary, 1972, Sandhu & Singh, 2007). The International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) has the world collection of Lens germplasm and a global mandate for research on lentil improvement. The ICARDA lentil genetic resources collection is comprised of 10, 578 accessions, including 8, 858 landraces and cultivars from 69 different countries, 1, 137 ICARDA breeding lines, and 583 accessions of six wild Lens taxa (Redden et al., 2007). Cultivated lentil (L. culinaris ssp. culinaris) is a diploid (2n=2x=14) annual crop that is a good source of dietary protein (22-35%) (Kumar et al., 2015). Lentil seeds are particularly low in fat but high in protein (Iqbal et al., 2006), and are an excellent source of both soluble and insoluble fibre, complex carbohydrates, vitamins (B vitamins) and minerals (such as potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron and zinc) (Yadav et al., 2007)