Routing in Smart Grids

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The traditional electric grids function as a vertical system comprising of generation unit, transmission unit and distribution unit along with control systems and devices to deliver power to the customers. Despite that it has been observed that the systemoperators struggle to handle the new challenges like integrating the renewable energy sources, technological changes and various market distributors . SG integrates various technologies and policies to make the power grid smart, and thus it does not have a single clear definition. According to the " US Dept of Energy , SG is defined as the digital technology that allows for two-way communication between the utility and its customers, and the sensing along the transmission lines is what makes the grid smart".SG integrates different technologies in power systems, communication systems, and control Engineering to examine the operations of all functional domains in SG. Also, information technology is utilized maximum to achieve efficiency and reliability in SG . It collects and analyzes the real-time power data and presents predictive information and suggestions to suppliers and consumers to manage its flow of electricity and information and their power requirements effectively . By incorporating distributed communication systems in the grid, real-time data is routed among all the domains of the grid . Consumers can optimize their electricity usage to reduce their utility costs, and Meter Data Management systems (MDMS) can adequately handle the demand response . Thus power generation and demand can be balanced within the grid to improve power quality and efficiency. Along with the power generation and transmission services, SG consists of various sensors, smart meters, smart routers, communication buses, and gateways for information exchange within the SG . Any distributed system can be called smart whenever the data from different nodes in the network is accessible through a Wi-Fi system. To achieve this, SM's are required. SM is an electrical meter that records the electrical conception periodically in desired intervals and the recorded data is transmitted to the MDMS . Various sensors are installed to monitor the different units of the network and to identify any operational breakdown.