Science and Scientists: 0

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Accompanying nearly every essay is a capsule biography of one of the key scientists responsible for the breakthrough, from Aristotle to Zwicky. It is important to note that technological advances and inventions - such as the telephone, the light bulb, and the airplane - are not addressed here but are covered in the companion Magill's "Choice Set Inventions and Inventors" (2 vols., 2002). However, a few "crossover" achievements (such as the Personal Computer, the Internet, or Vaccination) - are included in these pages as having had as great an impact on the "pure" sciences as on applications to everyday life. Achievements of the Space Age currently stand somewhere between, the core achievements in space, with an emphasis on space science, are therefore included here. Each essay opens with a brief definition of the topic and a summary of its significance, followed by a list of the central figures involved. The text of each essay follows, broken by informative subheads. Cross-references to other essays in these volumes follow, and each essay ends with a listing of core resources for "Further Reading." All essays were written by scholars of history or the sciences.