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The Plebs in Cicero's Day
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Excerpt from The Plebs in Cicero's Day: A Study of Their Provenance and of Their Employment
During the last two hundred years of the Roman Republic far-reaching changes took place in the racial composition of the plebs. The foreign element so greatly increased that in 64 B.C. Rome could be called by a contemporary a state made up of an assembly of the nations, and Appian and Suetonius in describing events of 44 could note, one a universal mixture of foreign blood in the plebs, and the other the presence in the city of different nationalities preserving their individual customs. Simultaneously with the increase in foreign stock occurred a corresponding decrease among the native Italians. But neither increase among the foreigners nor decrease among the Italians is stated in numerical terms by any classical writer. Sometimes the one fact or the other is referred to but more often it is only implied in accounts of new legislation, shifting social standards, or readjustments in face of economic conditions. The magnitude of the change is clear but its processes are often obscure. It is worth while to put together all the fragments of evidence from literary or inscriptional sources bearing on so important a subject. If a fairly definite idea can be obtained of the extent to which foreign stock in Italy replaced native-born a surer basis will be given to discussions of the changes in government, in religion, and in national temper in the late Republic and the Empire.
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