Transistor Physics

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This book is intended as an introduction to the application of physical theory to the study of semiconductors and transistor devices. The book is based on lecture courses given by the authors to second and third year honours students in the Electronics Department of Southampton University, England. Some elementary knowledge of physics, circuit theory, and vector methods is assumed. The book deals almost exc1u­ sively with the theoretical aspects, but references are given to experi­ mental work. The first two chapters discuss c1assical atomic theory and quantum mechanical applications to electron energy levels in atoms, in particular the hydrogen atom, and in one-dimensional crystalline solids leading to the distinctions between metals, insulators, and semiconductors. Chapter 3 deals with statistical mechanics in some detail, so that the reader can appreciate the historical background leading to the Fermi­ Dirac statistics for electrons in metals and semiconductors, and in chapter 4 these statistics are applied to determine the current carrier density in various types of semiconductor. Equations for drift and diffusion currents are obtained in chapter 5, and the results applied to uiliform and graded impurity semiconductors in chapter 6. Current flow across p-n junctions is analysed in chapter 7, and the p-n-p transistor theory is developed in chapter 8. The discussion is limited to p-n-p transistors, but similar results apply for the n-p-n transistor.